Automated Systems
Automated Systems
From Past Papers
Sensor sends data/signal to microprocessor (P1). Data/Signal is converted from analogue data to digital data (using ADC) (P2). Then the value is compared to stored value(s) (P3). If value is outside range / matches, then microprocessor sends signal using DAC (P4) to perform a task (P5). Actuator used to perform the task (P6). It is a continuous Process (P7).
Advantages of using Automated Systems
- Faster than a human to take any necessary action.
- Much safer (an automated system is more likely to make timely interventions than a human; it keeps humans away from a dangerous environment)
- Any small changes needed can be identified very quickly and action taken.
- No Need to do Repetitive Tasks
From Past Papers
Disadvantages of using Automated Systems
- High set-up/installation costs – it would mean the company need to find a lot of money up front to pay
for the equipment / employees will need training. - Deskilling of the workforce – workers will no longer have the skills for some of the manufacturing jobs
- Automated systems always need enhanced maintenance, which can be expensive.
From Past Papers
Robotics
Features of a Robot
- It has a mechanical structure
- It has electrical components.
- It is programmable.
From Past Papers
What is meant by Robotics
- The design of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)
- The construction of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)
- The operation of robots (to perform tasks/operations/functions)
From Past Papers
Artificial Intelligence
Characteristics of AI
- The ability to learn by adapting what it does (for example, from mistakes to not make them again) result from previous decisions impacts future by changing its own rules/data. By being trained.
- Stores rules for using the data.
- Ability to make a decision.
- Find/analyse patterns.
- The ability to reason.
- Collects data.
From Past Papers
How a Program would use AI
- Use machine learning algorithms
- Collects data about where it has been
- Collect data about obstacles/problems
- Store successful actions
- Stores unsuccessful actions
- Identify/store patterns… to make sure it does not repeat the same incorrect route …so, it knows how to react to obstacles next time so, it knows what is most likely to work next time
From Past Papers
Role of Inference Engine
The inference engine makes decisions by applying rules and logic to facts and knowledge, to provide a result or diagnosis.
From Past Papers
How an expert system operates
- It has an interface
- used to input data/view output
- It has a knowledge base
- It has a rule base
- It has an inference engine
- Applies the rule base to/and the knowledge base to provide output/diagnosis/solution
- Decides what to ask next based on the input
From Past Papers
Components in an expert system
- rule base
- knowledge base
- user interface
- inference engine
From Past Papers
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